THE EFFECT OF RICE FIELD AREA, LAND OWNERSHIP STATUS, AND RELIGIOSITY ON RICE FARMERS’ INCOME IN PUJON DISTRICT

Pujon District is one of the areas where most of the population relies on making a living from the agricultural sector. In the Pujon District area, the average farmer with a land area of less than hectare with the amount of production that can be produced is 1-3 tons of rice. However, based on the phenomenon of the level of income of farmers in Pujon District, there are factors that influence it, such as rice field area, land ownership status, and religiosity. This study aims to examine the effect of rice field area, land ownership status, and religiosity on the income of rice farmers in Pujon District. This study conducted in the field in order to obtain information or data needed in research regarding respondents' responses by using questionnaires. The technique used in this research is random sampling technique is a technique of taking samples from respondents randomly. This questionnaire was then distributed to all residents of Pujon District and a sample of 109 respondents was obtained for distribution, using the slovin formula. The findings reveal that, the land area partially has a positive and significant effect on the income of rice farmers in Pujon District. Likewise, the land ownership status partially has a positive and significant effect on the income of rice farmers. Meanwhile, religiosity partially has no effect on the income of rice farmers. Furthermore, the land area, land ownership status, and religiosity simultaneously have a significant effect on the income of rice farmers in Pujon District.


INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is the activity of cultivating crops on land to meet human requirements for food. Food needs play a critical role in Indonesia. Especially basic food, because it includes meeting basic human needs. As a response, the Indonesian government works hard to ensure that food demands are satisfied adequately so that Indonesia can achieve food selfsufficiency. Food independence is defined in Law No. 41 of 2009 as the ability of domestic food production supported by food security institutions to assure the fulfillment of sufficient food demands at the household level, in quantity, quality, safety, and at affordable prices, supported by enough food sources which is varying according to the diversity of the local environment.
Agriculture provides a living for the majority of the population in developing countries such as Indonesia. Rice is the primary food agricultural crop in an endeavor to meet national food needs while also providing employment possibilities for the majority of Indonesians. Several factors have contributed to rice's importance in Indonesia, including: (1) the rice production process employs 21 million farming families, (2) rice is a staple food for approximately 95 percent of Indonesia's population, and (3) rice accounts for approximately 30 percent of total expenditure. Rice is distributed to disadvantaged households (Saragih, 2016). Rice is one of the most important sources of carbs and vegetable energy that may be used to meet the nutritional needs of families. The rice plant, as a rice-producing plant, is an important source of food for the Indonesian people. As a result, the demand for rice rises year after year, in tandem with population growth. As a matter of fact, rice plant production must continue to be developed (Filardi & Elida, 2014). Arimbawa & Widanta (2017) states that land is one of the factors of production, where agricultural products are produced which have a fairly large contribution to farming, because the amount of production from farming is strongly influenced by the narrow area of land used.
The relationship between land area and farmer's income is explicitly stated by Rida (2017) that in supporting the success of farming, requires the availability of agricultural raw materials continuously in sufficient quantities, the development of farming is very dependent on the availability of resources (inputs). Resources which are important production factors in farming are (1) Land, including quantity (area) and quality, (2) Human labor, (3) Capital for purchasing variable inputs, (4) Farmer management skills.
Furthermore, Arimbawa & Widanta (2017) also stated that in order to make the agricultural sector more advanced, it is hoped that farmers will increase their productivity, which will later become a very important factor in supporting the success of a business, especially in the agricultural sector. As a result, farmers in Indonesia make use of land space and technology to boost agricultural productivity. Farmers' expectations for a decent existence will be boosted by the enormous amount of land available. However, as the population grows, the existence of land, particularly agricultural land, is under jeopardy due to the pressure of the need for more land. Meanwhile, the amount of available land has remained constant.
There are several reasons that can arise including: (a) the increasingly limited availability of agricultural workers. This can actually be overcome mechanically, but not all cultivation activities of food crops and other plants can be handled mechanically in their management. (b) The low competitiveness of the agricultural sector with non-agricultural sectors. (c) The limitation of land owned by the majority of farmers so that for farmers who have narrow land to meet the economic needs of their households, it is necessary to expand land tenure, either by renting, cultivating, mortgaging or by riding (Manatar et al., 2017).
Land tenure status is divided into three parts, namely owner operator, cash tenant and share tenant. Different land tenure statuses will theoretically determine the level of diversity in farming, which in this case includes different levels of land productivity, income and expenditure. Differences in land tenure status will determine farmers' access to capital which in turn will affect the production factors used and will ultimately affect production. In addition, the level of income and the level of efficiency in their farming will also be different.
The relationship between land ownership status and farmers' income as stated by Manatar et al. (2017) and Maria & Novianti (2020). Where the problem is the status of land ownership belonging to others, farmers manage land that is not their own and the results are divided equally. This is certainly not too significant to increase farmers' income, so that farmers who own land and land managers only have enough to meet their needs, do not get more benefits from the results of the rice farming.

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In addition to land area and land ownership status, another factor that may occur with the success of farming is religiosity. Religiosity is how far the knowledge, how solid the belief, how diligent in the implementation of worship and how deep is the appreciation of one's religion (Pontoh & Farid, 2015). Based on previous research, religiosity can affect the success of one's business (Alfisyah & Anwar, 2018;Fauzan, 2014;Mustikowati & Wilujeng, 2016). Religiosity has an influence on both attitudes and human behavior. Religiosity is an important value in the cognitive structure of individuals that can influence individual behavior because basically religion is a source of beliefs and behavior patterns that will provide guidance to goals and ideals and play a role as a determinant in the adjustment process so as not to behave deviantly (Mustikowati & Wilujeng, 2016).
Some people argue that spirituality or religiosity has nothing to do with business activities. Religion only deals with things that are ritualistic (mahdhah worship), worship only exists in places of worship, not in business centers (Taswiyah & Najmudin, 2017). Meanwhile, some others think that religiosity is a very important role in running their business, if someone has a high level of religiosity, the resulting effort is optimal. This is because there is a sense of belief that effort coupled with prayer will produce something good.
Pujon District is one of the areas where most of the population relies on making a living from the agricultural sector. In the Pujon District area, the average farmer with a land area of less than hectare with the amount of production that can be produced is 1-3 tons of rice. With the cost of plowing the fields of Rp. 200/meter. The fertilizer used by rice farmers in Pujon District, it is subsidized fertilizer. With the costs incurred for fertilizer of Rp. 380,000. When it is time to harvest, rice farmers use a thresher machine at a cost of Rp. 200/kg of rice. So, the cost of rice loss incurred for one hectare of land is Rp. 864,000. Then the cost of seeds for farmers who have a land area of one-hectare costs Rp. 144,000, with a seed price of Rp. 8000/kg. Meanwhile, the selling price of rice in Pujon District is IDR 4000/kg. The difference in the price of seeds with the selling price of rice because the seeds sold have a guaranteed good quality.
Rice producers have been utilizing seeds with a three-month harvest time since 1996. Despite the fact that rice harvesting is now faster than in the past, rice farmers in Pujon District still have a low economy, so rice farmers are urged to work in other fields of business to increase their income.
Therefore, the cost of production is an important factor that must be considered when a farming business will produce production. Farmers must maximize their production so as not to experience swelling in funding their farming operations. Basically, farmers in selling their production must be able to achieve the expected profit, because profit is the goal in agricultural activities. Sales made cannot guarantee farmers get a big profit. This is due to the sales proceeds still have to be deducted by operating costs.
Based on a number of empirical studies, there are several factors that affect farmers' income, including land area, and land ownership status (Andrias et al., 2018a;Mamondol, 2016). The main factor affecting farmers' income is land area. The larger the area of land (cultivated/planted), the greater the amount produced by the land. Hence, the land area is very influential on productivity. The more production produced, the greater the income earned by farmers. However, sometimes a large area of land can cause it to be less effective in its management. Most of the rice farmers in Pujon District do not have large enough land,

THE EFFECT OF RICE FIELD AREA, LAND OWNERSHIP STATUS, AND RELIGIOSITY ON RICE FARMERS' INCOME IN PUJON DISTRICT
Muhammad Fikri Akbar, Muhammad Iqbal Fawwaz https://ojs.transpublika.com/index.php/IJATEIS/ so that the results of rice production are not optimal (a little). The results of rice production that are not maximal (a little) will have an impact on the income of rice farmers.
Further, Soekartawi et al. (2002) argues that the area of agricultural land will affect the scale of the business, and the scale of this business will ultimately affect the efficiency or not of an agricultural business. Often found, the wider the area of land used for agriculture, the more inefficient the land will be. This is based on the idea that the size of the land will reduce efforts to take actions that lead to efficiency, due to: (1) Weak control over the use of production factors such as seeds, fertilizers, medicines, and labor; (2) The limited supply of labor around the area which will ultimately affect the efficiency of the agricultural business; (3) Limited capital stock to finance agricultural business on a large scale. On the contrary, in a narrow land area, efforts to control the use of production factors are getting better, the use of labor is adequate and the availability of capital is also not too large, so that agricultural businesses like this are often more efficient. However, an area that is too small tends to result in an inefficient business as well.
From this statement, a conclusion can be drawn that in fact a very large area of land does not necessarily produce large profits, even on the contrary, this is because the more land a person owns, the greater the costs incurred for production activities. As research conducted by Astari & Setiawina (2016) land area has a negative and insignificant effect on farmers' income.
Another barrier to farming in the Pujon District is the condition of land ownership. It can be observed from the situation that the inhabitants in Pujon District normally have their own land that they manage, but the outcomes are either the same or not significant in terms of improving their income. A person's level of religiosity, in addition to land acreage and land ownership status, has a great influence on one's self-character and values, which will ultimately affect one's method of doing business.
According to an initial study of the state of villages in Pujon District, farmers' levels of religiosity vary as well. This can be determined by observing farmers while they perform prayers. Some farmers do not observe their prayer times because they are preoccupied with their work and postpone prayer periods. As a matter of fact, the prayer time is lost. This is one of the factors that can have an impact on a farmer's business performance.
As previous research that has been done by Andrias et al. (2018b) examines the influence of land area, technology and research on rice farming income, Saputra & Wardana (2018) research on the effect of land area, time allocation and farmer's production on income, and Wahed (2015) on the influence of land area, production, food security, and grain prices on the welfare of rice farmers. This indicates that there is no research that includes variables of land ownership status and religiosity. While this study uses these variables to be studied. In addition, research conducted by Astari & Setiawina (2016) about the effect of land area, labor, and training through production as an intervening variable on the income of asparagus farmers. The results of his research show that the effect of land area on income has a negative effect on farmers' income. This is contrary to the results of research conducted by Saputra & Wardana (2018) examines the effect of land area, time allocation and farmer's production on income that the results of the research have a positive and significant effect on farmers' income, so this becomes the Research Gap in this study.

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Based on the phenomenon of the level of income of farmers in Pujon District and the factors that influence it. Researchers are interested in examining the effect of rice field area, land ownership status, and religiosity on the income of rice farmers in Pujon District.

RESEARCH METHOD
This research is research conducted in the field in order to obtain information or data needed in research regarding respondents' responses by using questionnaires. The technique used in this research is random sampling technique is a technique of taking samples from respondents randomly. This questionnaire was then distributed to all residents of Pujond District and a sample of 109 respondents was obtained for distribution, using the slovin formula.

Figure 1 Characteristics of Respondents by Age
Based on figure 1, it can be seen that the average age of rice farmers in Pujon District is 31-40 years, namely 59 respondents (54%), 15 respondents aged 21-30 years (14%), respondents aged more than 51 years as many as 35 people or by (32%).   Figure 2 above, it can be seen that farmers in Pujon District are dominated by men with a total of 91 people (83%) and 18 women (17%). Figure 3 shows that the rice farmers in the Pujon District who became respondents. Most of the respondents had the last education of elementary school as many as 65 people (60%), while those who did not go to school were 13 people or (12%), junior high school as many as 24 people or amounted to (22%), Senior High School as many as 6 people or equal to (5%), and a Bachelor which equal to (1%). Hence, the average level of education of farmers in Pujonu District is generally elementary school.

Figure 4 Characteristics of Respondents Based on Years of Being a Farmer
Based on Figure 4, it can be concluded that the farmer in Pujon District has been farming for more than 10 years, as many as 75 people or (69%), 5 to 10 years as many as 28 people or (26%), while less than 5 years as many as 6 people or equal to (5%).

Figure 5 Description of Land Area
Based on Figure 5, it can be seen that there are 61 farmers who have a land area of less than 0.5 hectares or 56.0% and a farmer's land area of 0.5-1 hectares is 37 people or 33.9%. While the land area larger than 1 hectare is 11 people or 10.1%.  Figure 7, it can be seen that the income of farmers in Pujon District, which is less than Rp. 3,000,000, is 37 people or 34.9%. Farmers' income from Rp. 3,000,000 to Rp. 6,000,000 there are 28 people or 24.8% and income from Rp. 6,000,000 to Rp. 12,000,000 as many as 24 people or by 22.0%. Meanwhile, there were 20 people with income of more than Rp. 12,000,000 or 18.3%.  From the description of Table 2, it can be seen that the religiosity variable has a Cronbach Alpha (α) value of 0.909, which is greater than 0.60. Thus, the religiosity variable can be said to be reliable or reliable. Based on Table 3, it can be seen that the VIF value and tolerance value of each variable. Variable land area VIF value of 1.005 is smaller than 10 and tolerance value of 0.995 is greater than 0.1. The variable of land ownership status has a VIF value of 1.012 which is smaller than 10 and a tolerance value of 0.988 which is greater than 0.1.

C. Classic Assumption Test Results a) Multicollinearity Test Results
The religiosity variable has a VIF value of 1.008 which is smaller than 10 and a tolerance value of 0.992 which is greater than 0.1. Hence, it can be concluded that there is no multicollinearity in this study. This means that the variables of land area, land ownership status and religiosity do not interfere or influence each other.  Based on Table 6, it can be seen that the t-statistic value of the land area variable is 99.366 which is greater than t-table 1.98373 with a significance probability value of 0.000 less than 0.05, hence Ha1 which states that land area has a positive and significant effect on the income of rice farmers in the Pujon District can be accepted or in other words, Ho1 is rejected and Ha1 is accepted.

b) Heteroscedasticity Test Results
The t-statistic value of land ownership status is 5.772, which is greater than the t-table value of 1.98373 with a significance probability of 0.000 less than 0.05. Thus, it can be stated that land ownership status has a positive and significant effect on the rice farmers income of Bakongan Timur sub-district, or in other words, Ho2 is rejected and Ha2 is accepted.
The t-statistic of religiosity has a value of 0.251 is smaller than the t-table 1.98373 with a significance probability of 0.802 greater than 0.05. Thus, it can be stated that religiosity has no significant effect on the income of farmers who are rejected or in other words, Ho3 is accepted and Ha3 is rejected.

E. Coefficient of Determination and Correlation
To see how big the contribution of the influence of the independent variable to the dependent variable, in this study the R Square test used the help of SPSS 20. The following  Based on Table 7, it can be seen that the R2 value is 0.995, which means that the influence given by the variables of land area, land ownership status and religiosity on farmers' income is 99.0% while the remaining 0.01% is influenced by other variables.

The Effect of Land Area on Farmers' Income
Based on the test results, it is known that the t-statistic value of land area is 99.366 while the t-table value is 1.98373 indicating that the t-statistic value is greater than the t-table value with a significance of 0.000 because it is significantly smaller than 0.05 (5%) shows that the significant value of 0.000 is less than 0.05, it can be concluded that partially land area has a significant effect on farmers' income. The results of this study are in accordance with the results of research conducted by Andrias et al., (2018a); Arimbawa & Widanta (2017); Rida (2017); Saputra & Wardana (2018); and Wahed (2015) which states that land area affects income.
Based on the results of research conducted and empirical evidence in the form of previous studies, it is proven that land area affects income. This is due to the optimal use of land by farmers. The use of fertilizers, quality seeds, land ownership, and an increase in the purchase price of rice will ultimately increase the income earned by rice farmers. In addition, theoretically it is also proven that land area affects agricultural production. If the land area is small, the amount of production produced is small. And vice versa if the land area is large, the amount of production produced is also large. The size of the amount of production will affect the income of farmers. If the amount of production is large, the income generated is large.

Effect of Land Ownership Status on Farmers' Income
Based on the test results, it is known that the t-statistic value of land ownership status is 5.772 while the t-table value is 1.98373 indicating that the t-statistic value is greater than the t-table value with a significance of 0.000 because it is significantly smaller than 0.05 (5% ) shows that the significant value of 0.000 is less than 0.05, it can be concluded that partially land ownership status has a significant effect on farmers' income.
The results of this study are in accordance with research conducted by Manatar et al. (2017); and Romano & Zakiah (2017) which states that land tenure status affects farmers' income. Based on the results of research conducted and empirical evidence in the form of previous studies, it is proven that land ownership status has an effect on farmers' income. In addition, it is also theoretically proven that the ownership status of agricultural land has an influence on the results or income obtained by farmers. If the ownership status is self-owned, it can reduce other expenses.
In this study, it is known that the land ownership status of the farmers in Pujon District on average has their own land, and only a few people have land ownership status as tenants.