JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES, SOCIAL SCIENCES AND BUSINESS

Analysis of the Effect of Average Years of Schooling and Open Unemployment on the Gross Regional Domestic Product of Central Sulawesi Province, 2019-2023

Triyudha Anugrah Farham — 2026-06-23

The economy of Central Sulawesi Province shows fluctuating growth in Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), with agriculture and mining as the primary drivers. Nevertheless, a number of obstacles remain, including sluggish economic growth in certain years, a relatively low Human Development Index as reflected in the Average Years of Schooling (RLS) indicator, and a continuing open unemployment problem. This situation highlights the need to understand how social factors relate to regional economic performance. This study seeks to examine the influence of Average Years of Schooling (RLS) and open unemployment on GRDP in Central Sulawesi Province. A quantitative approach employing panel data regression analysis is applied. Data spanning 2019 to 2023 are used to examine the relationship between RLS and open unemployment with respect to GRDP. The analysis reveals that RLS exerts a positive and significant influence on GRDP, with a 1 percent rise in RLS capable of raising GRDP by 3.162 percent. On the other hand, open unemployment has a negative and significant influence, whereby a 1 percent increase in open unemployment causes GRDP to fall by 0.222 percent. Overall, improvement of education quality through RLS is proven to drive regional economic growth, while high unemployment becomes an inhibiting factor for GRDP growth. Therefore, regional development policy needs to focus on improving access to and quality of education as well as creating job opportunities to reduce unemployment, so that the economic growth of Central Sulawesi can be more optimal.

Integration of Banking Law Competencies and Fraud Law Enforcement in the Development of the Law Study Program

Grace Henni Tampongangoy — 2026-06-23

The development of the banking industry and the increasing complexity of financial crimes have created new challenges for legal education institutions in preparing graduates who are competent and adaptive to labor market needs. This article aims to analyze the importance of integrating banking law competencies and fraud law enforcement in the development of the Law Study Program. This study uses a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches supported by literature studies and recent academic literature and official regulatory documents. The results show that criminal acts of fraud in the banking sector, particularly those involving directors and internal banking actors, require legal professionals with comprehensive understanding of banking regulations, corporate governance, compliance systems, financial crime investigation, and law enforcement mechanisms. Therefore, legal education institutions are required to reformulate their curricula to align with the dynamics of the banking sector and the digital financial ecosystem. The integration of banking law competencies and fraud law enforcement can be carried out through curriculum strengthening, case-based learning, professional certification, internship programs at banking institutions, and cooperation with financial sector regulatory authorities. This integration is expected to improve graduate competitiveness, strengthen professional legal competencies, and contribute to the prevention and enforcement of law against banking crimes in Indonesia.

Perception Gap in Migration Governance: A Comparative Analysis of Institutional and Migrant Assessments of R.A. 10022

Emil Arca — 2026-07-01

Despite the enactment of Republic Act No. 10022 to strengthen the protection of overseas Filipino workers, limited empirical evidence has compared institutional assessments with migrant workers experiences of policy implementation. This study evaluates the implementation of Republic Act No. 10022 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by comparing the assessments of migrant workers and diplomatic personnel involved in migration governance. Using survey data from 200 respondents, consisting of 156 migrant workers and 44 diplomatic staff, the study examined four implementation domains: employment, recruitment, deployment, and services. Findings indicate that while both groups generally viewed the law’s implementation positively, diplomatic personnel consistently reported higher ratings than migrant workers. Independent-samples t-tests were performed using the aggregated weighted mean scores of the five indicators within each implementation domain to compare the assessments of diplomatic personnel and migrant workers. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p < .05) across all domains. The largest disparity was observed in deployment (t=18.76), indicating a substantial divergence between institutional assessments and migrant experiences. Lower ratings in employment and services further indicate a concentration of concerns in administrative efficiency, accessibility, and service responsiveness. The results demonstrate that governance effectiveness requires more than institutional performance indicators, as positive administrative evaluations may not reflect beneficiary experiences. By providing empirical evidence on the gap between official assessments and migrant perceptions, the study contributes to migration governance literature and emphasizes the necessity of integrating user-centered evaluation into the implementation of migrant protection policies.

Between Immediacy and Articulation: Rethinking Non-Conceptuality in Dignāga Epistemology

Pankaj Srivastava — 2026-05-08

This research paper critically re-examines non-conceptual cognition (nirvikalpaka-pratyakṣa) in Dignāga’s epistemology, focusing on the distinction between conceptual and non-conceptual knowledge within pramāṇavyavasthā. Dignāga explains that “pratyakṣaṃ kalpanāpoḍham” refers to perception devoid of conceptual constructs (kalpanā) that perceives the svalakṣaṇa. In contrast, inference (anumāna) depends on conceptual determination (vikalpa) and exclusion (apoha). The binary of two separate realms creates an epistemic hierarchy that views non-conceptual awareness as more immediate and ultimately more reliable. This paper argues that although the hierarchy between non-conceptual and conceptual knowledge is epistemologically justified, it may obscure Buddhism’s ethical and liberation aims, which focus on duḥkha, pratītyasamutpāda, and nirvāṇa. The discussion emphasizes two main points: First, it presents a relational view of cognition that combines epistemic analysis with ethical intent, linking Dignāga’s ideas to the broader Buddhist goal of nirvāṇa. Second, it proposes a phenomenological framework that links immediacy to articulation, fostering a relational understanding of cognition that avoids rigid dualism and highlights Buddhism’s ethical and emancipatory aims.

Predictive Policing for Hate Speech Prevention: A Study of the Indonesian National Police Cyber Directorate

Kaisan Barizi — 2026-07-11

The rise in the spread of hate speech on social media has prompted the Indonesian National Police to develop a predictive policing approach as a pre-emptive strategy for preventing cybercrime. This study aims to analyse the implementation of predictive policing in preventing the spread of hate speech on social media by the Cybercrime Directorate of the Criminal Investigation Agency (Bareskrim) of the Indonesian National Police, as well as to analyse the human resource competencies that support its implementation. The research employed a qualitative method using a phenomenological approach through in-depth interviews and a documentary study. The results indicate that predictive policing has been implemented through cyber patrols, monitoring of strategic issues, analysis of digital conversations, and the issuance of early warnings to accounts with the potential to spread hate speech. Yet implementation remains suboptimal since policy communication lacks uniformity staffing and funding are constrained organizational readiness for data-driven methods is incomplete and analytical systems and procedures lack proper integration. In terms of competencies, personnel possess basic skills in cyber investigation and open-source intelligence (OSINT), but advanced competencies in predictive analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, machine learning, and natural language processing remain limited and are not evenly distributed across all units. This situation is influenced by the lack of competency standards specifically designed to support the implementation of predictive policing. This research strengthens data-driven policing in Indonesia via competency standards, analytics systems, and workforce development supporting predictive policing against hate speech.