Case Report: Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis with Renal Complications and Hemodialysis
Christine Bonuria Siregar*
Ridha Mutiara Indra
Nugrah Tri Amiranti
Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is characterized by infections of the skin (impetigo) or throat (pharyngitis) caused by nephritogenic strains of group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus. It is more commonly observed in school-aged children, with a mean presentation age between 6 and 8 years. Most studies report a higher prevalence among males, ranging from 54% to 87%. If left untreated, APSGN can lead to chronic kidney failure, hypertension, and recurrent proteinuria. Antibiotic therapy in patients with the primary infection is crucial to prevent the progression of complications. This report aims to describe a current case of APSGN, including its complications, management, and recommended follow-up strategies.
Al Nofal, A., & Lteif, A. (2015). Thiazide diuretics in the management of young children with central diabetes insipidus. The Journal of Pediatrics, 167(3), 658–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.06.002
Balasubramanian, R., & Marks, S. D. (2017). Post-infectious glomerulonephritis. Paediatrics and International Child Health, 37(4), 240–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/20469047.2017.1369642
Bobkova, I., Chebotareva, N., Kozlovskaya, L., & Shilov, E. (2016). Edema in renal diseases–current view on pathogenesis. Nephrology@ Point of Care, 2(1), pocj-5000204. https://doi.org/10.5301/pocj.5000204
Faraj, S. S., Mohammad Amin, N. M., & Abdulkareem, M. M. (2024). Psychiatric Comorbidity in Patients Suffering from Chronic Medical Diseases. Pharmacology, Medical Reports, Orthopedic, and Illness Details, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.55047/comorbid.v3i4.1511
Hunt, E. A. K., & Somers, M. J. G. (2019). Infection-related glomerulonephritis. Pediatric Clinics, 66(1), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2018.08.005
Khalighi, M. A., Al-Rabadi, L., Chalasani, M., Smith, M., Kakani, S., Revelo, M. P., & Meehan, S. M. (2018). Staphylococcal infection–related glomerulonephritis with cryoglobulinemic features. Kidney International Reports, 3(5), 1128–1134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2018.05.010
Langer, T., D’Oria, V., Spolidoro, G. C. I., Chidini, G., Scalia Catenacci, S., Marchesi, T., Guerrini, M., Cislaghi, A., Agostoni, C., & Pesenti, A. (2020). Fluid therapy in mechanically ventilated critically ill children: the sodium, chloride and water burden of fluid creep. BMC Pediatrics, 20, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-02322-3
Ong, L. T. (2022). Management and outcomes of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in children. World Journal of Nephrology, 11(5), 139–145. https://doi.org/10.5527/wjn.v11.i5.139
Ranawaka, R., Dayasiri, K., Sandakelum, U., Nelson, D., & Gamage, M. (2025). Post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis in children: Association between proteinuria levels and renal outcomes. World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v14.i1.100885
Rawla, P., Padala, S. A., & Ludhwani, D. (2019). Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL).
Rodriguez-Iturbe, B., Najafian, B., Silva, A., & Alpers, C. E. (2016). Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis in children. Pediatric Nephrology, 7, 959–969. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43596-0_27
Rovin, B. H., Adler, S. G., Barratt, J., Bridoux, F., Burdge, K. A., Chan, T. M., Cook, H. T., Fervenza, F. C., Gibson, K. L., & Glassock, R. J. (2021). Kidney disease: Improving global outcomes (KDIGO) glomerular diseases work group. KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of glomerular diseases. Kidney Int, 100(4S), S1–S276.
Roy, R. R., & Laila, K. (2014). Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis in Children A Review. Bangladesh Journal of Child Health, 38(1), 32–39. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v38i1.20025
Sanderson, K. R., & Harshman, L. A. (2020). Renal replacement therapies for infants and children in the ICU. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 32(3), 360–366. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0000000000000894
Schena, F. P., & Nistor, I. (2018). Epidemiology of IgA nephropathy: a global perspective. Seminars in Nephrology, 38(5), 435–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.05.013
Simma, L., & Neuhaus, T. J. (2018). Common diagnosis at an unusual age-pulmonary oedema in a toddler. Case Reports, 2018, bcr-2018. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-225389
Stahl, R. A., & Hoxha, E. (2016). Glomerulonephritis. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 141(13), 960–968. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-107410
Trautmann, A., Vivarelli, M., Samuel, S., Gipson, D., Sinha, A., Schaefer, F., Hui, N. K., Boyer, O., Saleem, M. A., & Feltran, L. (2020). IPNA clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatric Nephrology, 35, 1529–1561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04519-1
Van der Watt, G., Omar, F., Brink, A., & McCulloch, M. (2016). Laboratory investigation of the child with suspected renal disease. Pediatric Nephrology, 7th Edn. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 613–636. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43596-0_19
VanDeVoorde III, R. G. (2015). Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: the most common acute glomerulonephritis. Pediatrics in Review, 36(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.36-1-3
Vivante, A., Twig, G., Tirosh, A., Skorecki, K., & Calderon-Margalit, R. (2014). Childhood history of resolved glomerular disease and risk of hypertension during adulthood. JAMA, 311(11), 1155–1157. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.284310