Legal Protection of Electronic Medical Record Data within Digital Based Health Information Systems in Indonesia
##plugins.themes.EpsilonTheme.article.main##
Christovel J. Timah*
Stefanus Timah
Mariana Mariana
Wilsa Wilsa
The rapid advancement of digital health technology has transformed medical record management, making the legal protection of Electronic Medical Record (EMR) data increasingly critical. This study analyzes EMR data protection within digital-based health information systems in Indonesia, focusing on regulatory inconsistencies and their implications for data security and patient confidentiality. The research addresses a gap in current legal studies: the lack of comprehensive analysis integrating legal norms, institutional practices, and technological safeguards in EMR governance. It examines how existing legal frameworks ensure EMR data protection amid increasing digitalization and what structural weaknesses hinder implementation. Using a normative juridical approach with literature-based research, the study examines primary data from documented cases and EMR management reports, alongside secondary data including legal texts, academic literature, and prior studies. Data were analyzed through content analysis to identify legal inconsistencies, enforcement challenges, and systemic vulnerabilities. Findings reveal that primary legal issues lie in fragmented regulatory enforcement, absence of uniform institutional standards, and insufficient integration between legal provisions and technological systems. These gaps result in weak legal certainty and increased risk of data breaches. Existing regulations have not fully adapted to digital health system complexity, particularly regarding accountability and data protection mechanisms. This research contributes to legal scholarship by proposing harmonization of regulations, strengthening of enforcement mechanisms, and alignment between legal, institutional, and technological frameworks to ensure legal certainty, enhance patient data protection, and support sustainable development of digital health systems in Indonesia.
Antai, G. O., Mulegi, T., Barongo, E. K., Ekpenisi, C., Kisubi, E. C., & Okonji, I. C. (2024). Exploring mechanisms for enforcing human rights within the context of international law: Issues and challenges. NIU Journal of Legal Studies, 10(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.58709/niujls.v10i1.1943
Basani, C. S. (2023). Legal protection of patient’s electronic medical record: Indonesian legal perspective. Dialogia Iuridica, 15(1), 94–112. https://doi.org/10.28932/di.v15i1.7492
Choironi, E. A., & Heryawan, L. (2023). Persepsi Dokter Klinik Dalam Menggunakan Rekam Medis Elektronik Berbasis Cloud Computing: Survei Penggunaan rekmed.com. Jurnal Ilmiah Informatika Global, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.36982/jiig.v13i3.2691
Cimino, J. J., & Shortliffe, E. H. (2006). Biomedical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine (Health Informatics). Springer-Verlag. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-58721-5
Farhansyah, F., & Nhifvellast, R. (2021). Sosialisasi Sistem Penyimpanan Rekam Medis di Klinik Panacea. JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY SERVICE, 2(1), 47–51. https://doi.org/10.55047/jscs.v2i1.436
Hendrata, W. M., & Karim, A. (2025). Legal Protection of Patients’ Confidentiality in the Era of Mandatory Electronic Medical Records. Widya Pranata Hukum: Jurnal Kajian Dan Penelitian Hukum, 7(2), 236–257. https://doi.org/10.37631/widyapranata.v7i2.1723
Hutabarat, D. T. H., Zebua, R., Sitorus, R. A., Subakti, F. A., Ramadhani, H., Mangunsong, J., Nduru, F., Alfah, G. S., Pasaribu, J. C. D., & Malau, R. M. (2022). The Urgency Of Legal Protection Against The Implementation Of Electronic Information Technology-Based Medical Records In Regulation Of The Minister Of Health Of The Republic Of Indonesia Number 269 Of 2008. Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Business (JHSSB), 1(4), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.55047/jhssb.v1i4.234
Ikawati, F. R., & Haris, M. S. (2024). Challenges in implementing digital medical records in Indonesian hospitals: Perspectives on technology, regulation, and data security. Proceeding International Conference Of Innovation Science, Technology, Education, Children And Health, 4(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.62951/icistech.v4i2.70
Kartika, A. N. (2025). The Urgency of Legal Protection for Electronic Medical Records Amid Cybercrime Threats: A Literature Review on Patients’ Rights and Doctors’ Obligations. Greenation International Journal of Law and Social Sciences, 3(2), 546–557. https://doi.org/10.38035/gijlss.v3i2.494
Komalasari, R., & Mustafa, C. (2024). Electronic Health Records in Indonesia: A Law and Policy Analysis. Jurnal Mahkamah Keadilan, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4986272
Larasati, T., Fardiansyah, A. I., Saketi, D., & Dewiarti, A. N. (2024). The ethical and legal aspects of health policy on electronic medical records in Indonesia. Cepalo, 8(2), 103–112. https://doi.org/10.25041/cepalo.v8no2.3634
Lavreniuk, S., & Odusanvo, V. (2024). Obstacles in the employment of people with disabilities: The perspective of employees and employers in Ukraine. Baltic Journal of Legal and Social Sciences, 4, 204–221. https://doi.org/10.30525/2592-8813-2024-4-20
Lestari, A. (2021). Tinjauan Beban Kerja Petugas Rekam Medis Guna Meningkatkan Produktivitas Petugas Unit Rekam Medis Di Rumah Sakit TNI-AD TK. STIKES BHAKTI HUSADA MULIA.
Makarim, M. H., & Wijayanto, E. (2024). Digital-Based Health Law System Transformation in Indonesia: Legal Protection for Patients and Healthcare Workers. Dialogia Iuridica, 16(1), 27–48. https://doi.org/10.28932/di.v16i1.9422
Masdar, F., & Assam, R. (2026). Legal Protection of Patient Privacy Rights in the Use of Electronic Medical Records in Indonesian Hospitals. Moccasin Journal De Public Perspective, 3(1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.37899/mjdpp.v3i1.337
Putra, N. I. K. U., Kuswardhani, T., & Purwani, S. P. M. E. (2024). Analysis of patient rights protection through medical record confidentiality and information disclosure system in Indonesian Hospitals. Journal La Sociale, 5(2), 539–549. https://doi.org/10.37899/journal-la-sociale.v5i2.1141
Satjipto, R. (2009). Penegakan Hukum suatu tinjauan sosiologis. Yogyakarta: Genta Publising.
Takaryanto, D., & Lany, A. (2025). Legal protection of personal data in the exchange of electronic medical record in healthcare services. Research Horizon, 5(6), 2817–2830. https://doi.org/10.54518/rh.5.6.2025.897
Tilaar, T. S., & Sewu, P. L. S. (2023). Review of electronic medical records in Indonesia and its developments based on legal regulations in Indonesia and its harmonization with electronic health records (manual for developing countries). Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation, 3(3), 422–430. https://doi.org/10.35877/454ri.daengku1662
Wulyardhi, G. S., & Udiana, G. K. (2025). The legal status of electronic medical records and health data privacy in Indonesia: Current regulations, gaps, and future directions. Jurnal Dharmaputra Hukum Kesehatan, 1(2), 47–52. https://dmedlaw.org/index.php/dmlj/article/view/10
