PSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDY IN PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM CHRONIC MEDICAL DISEASES
Main Article Content
Siba Sameer Faraj
Nazar Mohammad Mohammad Amin
Makwan Mohammed Abdulkareem*
Psychiatric symptoms are commonly distributed among general population and commonly comorbid with chronic medical diseases such as diabetes and thyroid diseases. This study aimed at discussing common mental health problems that are comorbid with chronic medical diseases in a single short paper by using different recent sources and references. This review article was conducted by using different recently published articles considering common mental health issues that are comorbid with chronic medical diseases such as diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart diseases, and thyroid diseases. Anxiety symptoms, depression, insomnia and somatization are commonly present among patients who have diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, hypertension, ischemic heart diseases, peptic ulcer and rheumatic illnesses.
Abdulkareem, M. M. (2023). Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Patients with Depressive Disorders. OSP Journal of Radiology 2: JOR, 2(106).
Abdulkareem, M. M., & Mohammad Amin, N. M. (2021). Adherence to Medication for Schizophrenia in a Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic in Sulaimani. Arab Journal of Psychiatry, 32(2).
Bandelow, B., & Michaelis, S. (2015). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 17(3), 327–335.
Collins, M. M., Corcoran, P., & Perry, I. J. (2009). Anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 26(2), 153–161.
Dalal, P. K., Kar, S. K., & Agarwal, S. K. (2022). Management of Psychiatric disorders in patients with chronic kidney diseases. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 64(Suppl 2), S394–S401.
Eastwood, M. R., & Trevelyan, M. H. (1972). Relationship between physical and psychiatric disorder. Psychological Medicine, 2(4), 363–372.
Faraj, S. S., Mohammad Amin, N. M., & Abdulkareem, M. M. (2023). Psychiatric morbidity among patients visiting Internal Medicine outpatient clinic in Sulaimani city. Arab Journal of Psychiatry, 34(2).
Fernald, F., Snijder, M., van den Born, B.-J., Lok, A., Peters, R., & Agyemang, C. (2021). Depression and hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in a multiethnic population in the Netherlands: HELIUS study. Internal and Emergency Medicine, 1–9.
Goldberg, D., Kay, C., & Thompson, L. (1977). Psychiatric morbidity in general practice and the community. Psychological Medicine, 6(4), 565–569.
Harrison, P. J., Cowen, P., Burns, T., & Fazel, M. (2017). Shorter Oxford textbook of psychiatry. Oxford university press.
Hüsing, P., Löwe, B., Hartman, T. C. O., Frostholm, L., & Weigel, A. (2021). Helpful explanatory models for somatoform symptoms (HERMES): study protocol of a randomised mixed-methods pilot trial. BMJ Open, 11(3), e044244.
Hydén, L. (2008). Illness and narrative. Sociology of Health & Illness, 19(1), 48–69.
Kareem, M. M. A., & Mahmood, H. N. (2022). Adherence to pharmacological treatment among patients with schizophrenia. Iraqi National Journal of Medicine, 4(1), 31–42.
Kecmanovic, D. (2013). The DSM-5 definition of mental disorder. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 47(4).
Kogan, C. S., Stein, D. J., Maj, M., First, M. B., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Reed, G. M. (2016). The classification of anxiety and fear‐related disorders in the ICD‐11. Depression and Anxiety, 33(12), 1141–1154.
Kühn, S., & Rieger, U. M. (2017). Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely absence of disease or infirmity. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 13(5), 887.
Kurlansik, S. L., & Maffei, M. S. (2016). Somatic symptom disorder. American Family Physician, 93(1), 49-54A.
Lennon, O., Ryan, C., Helm, M., Moore, K., Sheridan, A., Probst, M., & Cunningham, C. (2020). Psychological distress among patients attending physiotherapy: A survey-based investigation of Irish physiotherapists’ current practice and opinions. Physiotherapy Canada, 72(3), 239–248.
Manderscheid, R. W., Ryff, C. D., Freeman, E. J., McKnight-Eily, L. R., Dhingra, S., & Strine, T. W. (2009). Peer reviewed: evolving definitions of mental illness and wellness. Preventing Chronic Disease, 7(1).
Mann, J. J. (2005). The medical management of depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 353(17), 1819–1834.
Mayer, G., Happe, S., Evers, S., Hermann, W., Jansen, S., Kallweit, U., Muntean, M.-L., Pöhlau, D., Riemann, D., & Saletu, M. (2021). Insomnia in neurological diseases. Neurological Research and Practice, 3, 1–12.
Mayou, R., & Hawton, K. (1986). Psychiatric disorder in the general hospital. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 149(2), 172–190.
Minhas, F. A., & Nizami, A. T. (2006). Somatoform disorders: perspectives from Pakistan. International Review of Psychiatry, 18(1), 55–60.
Olariu, E., Forero, C. G., Castro‐Rodriguez, J. I., Rodrigo‐Calvo, M. T., Álvarez, P., Martín‐López, L. M., Sánchez‐Toto, A., Adroher, N. D., Blasco‐Cubedo, M. J., & Vilagut, G. (2015). Detection of anxiety disorders in primary care: A meta‐analysis of assisted and unassisted diagnoses. Depression and Anxiety, 32(7), 471–484.
Park, S., Kim, G.-U., & Kim, H. (2021). Physical comorbidity according to diagnoses and sex among psychiatric inpatients in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 4187.
Pedersen, S. S., Andersen, C. M., Ahm, R., Skovbakke, S. J., Kok, R., Helmark, C., Wiil, U. K., Schmidt, T., Olsen, K. R., & Hjelmborg, J. (2021). Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a therapist-assisted web-based intervention for depression and anxiety in patients with ischemic heart disease attending cardiac rehabilitation [eMindYourHeart trial]: a randomised controlled trial protocol. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 21, 1–10.
Porwal, A., Yadav, Y. C., Pathak, K., & Yadav, R. (2021). An update on assessment, therapeutic management, and patents on insomnia. BioMed Research International, 2021(1), 6068952.
Rogers, W. (2003). We still need to ask’what is disease?’. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 8(4), 245–247.
Shahpesandy, H. (2005). Different manifestation of depressive disorder in the elderly. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 26(6), 691–695.
Thvilum, M., Brandt, F., Almind, D., Christensen, K., Brix, T. H., & Hegedüs, L. (2014). Increased psychiatric morbidity before and after the diagnosis of hypothyroidism: a nationwide register study. Thyroid, 24(5), 802–808.
Tseliou, F., Donnelly, M., & O’Reilly, D. (2018). Screening for psychiatric morbidity in the population-a comparison of the GHQ-12 and self-reported medication use. International Journal of Population Data Science, 3(1).
Wang, J., Wu, X., Lai, W., Long, E., Zhang, X., Li, W., Zhu, Y., Chen, C., Zhong, X., & Liu, Z. (2017). Prevalence of depression and depressive symptoms among outpatients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 7(8), e017173.
Yuan, L., Zhang, Y., Luan, D., Xu, X., Yang, Q., Zhao, S., & Zhou, Z. (2019). Reversible affective symptoms and attention executive control network impairment following thyroid function normalization in hyperthyroidism. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 3305–3312.
Zader, S. J., Williams, E., & Buryk, M. A. (2019). Mental health conditions and hyperthyroidism. Pediatrics, 144(5).
