Assessment of Existing Green Building Implementation in Government Buildings toward Energy Efficiency
Guntaryono
Darmansjah Tjahja Prakasa*
Andarita Rolalisasi
Nur Azizah Affandy
Government buildings represent a major portion of public-sector energy consumption and contribute substantially to greenhouse gas emissions due to intensive cooling, lighting, and suboptimal building envelopes. In many developing countries, including Indonesia, the majority of government facilities were constructed prior to the adoption of green building regulations, resulting in poor energy performance and elevated operational costs. This study aims to critically assess the energy performance of an existing government building and to identify practical retrofit strategies based on Green Building principles that can support national carbon reduction commitments and Sustainable Development Goals. A mixed-methods case study was conducted on the East Java Public Works and Human Settlements Office Building (6,000 m²; three stories; pre-regulation construction). Data collection combined field inspection, structured interviews with facility managers, and policy-document review. The evaluation proceeded through four stages: calculation of Energy Use Intensity (EUI), disaggregation of energy consumption by end-use, performance assessment of the building envelope, ventilation, and lighting, and compliance analysis against national standards, Greenship GBCI criteria, and relevant SDG targets. The results indicate that cooling, lighting, and deficiencies in the building envelope account for the largest share of total energy consumption. Consequently, the most effective retrofit strategies involve improving the thermal performance and insulation of the building envelope, replacing conventional lighting with energy-efficient systems, and optimizing HVAC operations through equipment upgrades and better control management. This study provides an evidence-based framework to guide public retrofit policies and contributes valuable empirical insights to the broader discourse on energy efficiency in government buildings.
Adamson, S., & Medeiros, A. S. (2023). The greenlight for government buildings: strategies for a low-carbon building portfolio. FACETS, 8, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2022-0193
Adhiwibowo, S., Ischak, M., & Pratiwi, S. N. (2021). Penerapan Konsep Arsitektur Hijau Pada Apartemen Jaticempaka. Prosiding Seminar Intelektual Muda, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.25105/psia.v3i1.13075
Balaji, N. C., Mani, M., & Venkatarama Reddy, B. V. (2019). Dynamic thermal performance of conventional and alternative building wall envelopes. Journal of Building Engineering, 21, 373–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.11.002
Cao, X., Liu, J., Cao, X., Li, Q., Hu, E., & Fan, F. (2015). Study of the thermal insulation properties of the glass fiber board used for interior building envelope. Energy and Buildings, 107, 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.08.007
Chen, L., Hu, Y., Wang, R., Li, X., Chen, Z., Hua, J., Osman, A. I., Farghali, M., Huang, L., Li, J., Dong, L., Rooney, D. W., & Yap, P.-S. (2024). Green building practices to integrate renewable energy in the construction sector: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 22(2), 751–784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-023-01675-2
Chiradeja, P., & Ngaopitakkul, A. (2019). Energy and Economic Analysis of Tropical Building Envelope Material in Compliance with Thailand’s Building Energy Code. Sustainability, 11(23), 6872. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236872
Cuce, E., & Cuce, P. M. (2016). Vacuum glazing for highly insulating windows: Recent developments and future prospects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1345–1357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.134
Edyas, A., Daming, T., & Syarif, E. (2017). Konsep Arsitektur Tropis pada Green Building sebagai Solusi Hemat Biaya (Low Cost). Temu Ilmiah Ikatan Peneliti Lingkungan Binaan Indonesia 6, 33–40. https://doi.org/10.32315/ti.6.h033
El-Darwish, I., & Gomaa, M. (2017). Retrofitting strategy for building envelopes to achieve energy efficiency. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 56(4), 579–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.05.011
Fang, Y., & Arya, F. (2019). Evacuated glazing with tempered glass. Solar Energy, 183, 240–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.03.021
Favoino, F., Jin, Q., & Overend, M. (2017). Design and control optimisation of adaptive insulation systems for office buildings. Part 1: Adaptive technologies and simulation framework. Energy, 127, 301–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.083
GBCI. (2013). Greenship Rating Tools New Building. Green Building Council Indonesia. https://gbcindonesia.org/greens/new
GGGI. (2024). Low Carbon Buildings to Achieve Indonesia’s Climate Ambitions. Global Green Growth Institute. https://gggi.org/low-carbon-buildings-to-achieve-indonesias-climate-ambitions/
IEA. (2022). Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction. International Energy Agency (IEA). https://www.iea.org/Reports/Global-Status-Report-for-Buildings-and-Construction-2022
Jin, Q., Favoino, F., & Overend, M. (2017). Design and control optimisation of adaptive insulation systems for office buildings. Part 2: A parametric study for a temperate climate. Energy, 127, 634–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.096
Kadek, B. W., Kumara, I., & Sari Hartati, R. (2021). Studi Literatur Perkembangan Green Building di Indonesia. Jurnal SPEKTRUM, 8(2), 37. https://doi.org/10.24843/SPEKTRUM.2021.v08.i02.p5
Kajjoba, D., Wesonga, R., Lwanyaga, J. D., Kasedde, H., Olupot, P. W., & Kirabira, J. B. (2025). Assessment of thermal comfort and its potential for energy efficiency in low-income tropical buildings: a review. Sustainable Energy Research, 12(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40807-025-00169-9
Karamoozian, M., & Zhang, H. (2025). Obstacles to green building accreditation during operating phases: identifying Challenges and solutions for sustainable development. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 24(1), 350–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2023.2280697
Kevin, G., Anggalimanto, I., Chandra, H. P., & Ratnawidjaja, S. (2016). Analisis tantangan dan manfaat bangunan hijau. Jurnal Dimensi Pratama Teknik Sipil, 5(2).
Kusumastuti, D., Setyowati, E., Sari, S., & Dwiyanto, A. (2025). Analysis of Energy Use Intensity (EUI) Factors in Government Office Buildings in Tropical Climate: A Case Study in the Ministerial Office Building and the Directorate General of Water Resources Building of The Ministry of Public Works. TEKNIK, 46(3), 209–217. https://doi.org/10.14710/teknik.v46i3.72798
Lendra, L., Jesica, J., Agung Wibowo, M., Hatmoko, J. U. D., & Andi, A. (2025). Green building assessment tools in Indonesia: A systematic literature review and comparative analysis. E3S Web of Conferences, 605, 03023. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202560503023
Liu, G. (2025). The Application and Energy-Saving Effect Analysis of Intelligent LED Lighting Systems in Commercial Buildings. Studies in Art and Architecture, 4(3), 30–37. https://doi.org/10.56397/SAA.2025.06.04
Maqbool, R., Thompson, C., & Ashfaq, S. (2023). LEED and BREEAM Green Building Certification Systems as Possible Game Changers in Attaining Low-Cost Energy-Efficient Urban Housing Projects. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 149(3). https://doi.org/10.1061/JUPDDM.UPENG-4292
Ministry of Public Works and Housing. (2022). Petunjuk Teknis Penilaian Kinerja Bangunan Gedung Hijau. Ministry of Public Works and Housing. https://jdih.pu.go.id/detail-dokumen/SEMenteriPUPR-nomor-01-tahun-2022-Petunjuk-Teknis-Penilaian-Kinerja-Bangunan-Gedung-Hijau
Olabi, A. G., Shehata, N., Issa, U. H., Mohamed, O. A., Mahmoud, M., Abdelkareem, M. A., & Abdelzaher, M. A. (2025). The role of green buildings in achieving the sustainable development goals. International Journal of Thermofluids, 25, 101002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2024.101002
Periyannan, E., Ramachandra, T., & Geekiyanage, D. (2023). Assessment of costs and benefits of green retrofit technologies: Case study of hotel buildings in Sri Lanka. Journal of Building Engineering, 78, 107631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.107631
Pezeshki, Z., Soleimani, A., Darabi, A., & Mazinani, S. M. (2018). Thermal transport in: Building materials. Construction and Building Materials, 181, 238–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.230
Praptomo, N. E. (2024). Penerapan Konsep Bangunan Gedung Hijau (BGH) pada Rumah Susun Tenaga Pendidik UGM. Prosiding (SIAR) Seminar Ilmiah Arsitektur. https://proceedings.ums.ac.id/siar/article/view/4241
Sari, D. P., Maidina, Sumarno, A., Prasetyo, A. M., & Ngeljaratan, L. (2024). The application of Indonesia green building rating system for sustainable buildings. AIP Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0184511
Su, Y., Jin, Q., Zhang, S., & He, S. (2024). A review on the energy in buildings: Current research focus and future development direction. Heliyon, 10(12), e32869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32869
Sun, Y., Wilson, R., & Wu, Y. (2018). A Review of Transparent Insulation Material (TIM) for building energy saving and daylight comfort. Applied Energy, 226, 713–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.094
Trgala, K., Pavelek, M., & Wimmer, R. (2019). Energy performance of five different building envelope structures using a modified Guarded Hot Box apparatus—Comparative analysis. Energy and Buildings, 195, 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.04.036
Zacki, A., & Pathirana, S. (2025). Effect of green building features on energy efficiency of university buildings in tropical climate. Sustainable Futures, 10, 101069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.101069
Zhang, T., & Yang, H. (2019). Heat transfer pattern judgment and thermal performance enhancement of insulation air layers in building envelopes. Applied Energy, 250, 834–845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.05.070