How Is Teacher Performance in Indonesia Today? Examining the Mediating Role of Work-Life Balance
##plugins.themes.EpsilonTheme.article.main##
Aniek Rumijati*
Arif Budi Wurianto
Arif Rahman Hakim
The quality of teacher performance is very important today because it directly impacts student learning outcomes and the success of overall educational goals. Ensuring teachers receive support and continuous development is key to maintaining high educational standards. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the influence of workload and perceived organizational support (POS) on teacher performance mediated by work-life balance (WLB). To gather data for this study, which employs an explanatory quantitative methodology, 185 elementary and high school teachers in Malang City were given an online questionnaire. Data analysis was processed using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) technique with SmartPLS software. The findings revealed that workload did not affect WLB and teacher performance. POS affected WLB and teacher performance, and WLB influenced teacher performance. Meanwhile, workload does not affect teacher performance through WLB, but WLB can mediate the influence of POS on teacher performance. These findings show that to improve teacher performance, schools must focus more on increasing perceived organizational support rather than workload. Perceived organizational support can improve work-life balance and overall performance. Workload should be managed through policies that ensure balanced distribution and institutional support. Schools and policymakers must provide flexible work arrangements and professional development to enhance work-life balance and teacher performance.
Abdulaziz, A., Bashir, M., & Alfalih, A. A. (2022). The impact of work-life balance and work overload on teacher’s organizational commitment: do Job Engagement and Perceived Organizational support matter. Education and Information Technologies, 27(7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11013-8
Afriliani, F. (2020). Pengaruh Beban Kerja dan Lingkungan Kerja terhadap Kinerja Dosen Tetap Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Pamulang Tahun 2017. EDUKA: Jurnal Pendidikan, Hukum, Dan Bisnis, 5(1).
Agha, K., Azmi, F. T., & Irfan, A. (2022). The work-life balance and job satisfaction. International Journal of Services and Operations Management, 43(3), 401–420. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijsom.2022.126981
Ahmad, Y., Tewal, B., Taroreh, R. N., Ekonomi, F., Manajemen, J., Ratulangi, U. S., Tewal, B., & Taroreh, R. N. (2019). Pengaruh Stres Kerja, Beban Kerja, Dan Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Pada Pt. Fif Group Manado. Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 7(3), 2303–1174.
Ahmed, I., Ismail, W. K. W., Amin, S. M., & Islam, T. (2014). Role of perceived organizational support in teachers’ responsiveness and students’ outcomes: Evidence from a public sector University of Pakistan. International Journal of Educational Management, 28(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-02-2013-0031
Amalia, L. (2017). Pengaruh Beban Kerja Dan Komitmen Terhadap Kinerja Dan Kepuasan Kerja Perawat Sebagai Variabel Intervening Pada Rumah Sakit Tabrani Rab Pekanbaru. Jurnal Online Mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Riau, 4(2), 3416–3428.
Amazue, L. O., & Onyishi, I. E. (2016). Stress Coping Strategies, Perceived Organizational Support and Marital Status as Predictors of Work–Life Balance among Nigerian Bank Employees. Social Indicators Research, 128(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1023-5
Amboyo, A. F., Wahid, A., & Hasanuddin, B. (2015). Pengaruh Kedisiplinan , Beban Kerja Dan Motivasi Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Guru Laki-Laki Dan Perempuan Pada SMK Negeri 1 Sigi ( Studi Perbandingan ). E-Jurnal Katalogis, 3(10), 185–195.
Anggriansyah, D., Qamari, I. N., & Nuryakin, N. (2022). The Effect of Family Support, Leader Support, and Work-Life Balance on Teacher Performance in Pringsewu Regency. Mix: Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.22441/jurnal_mix.2022.v12i1.006
Ariani, H. M., & Desi, M. (2018). The Importance of Teacher Performance: Case Study of Elementary School in West Balikpapan. https://doi.org/10.2991/miceb-17.2018.8
Arrung, N. P., & Rahardjo, O. S. (2022). The Effect of Workload and Work Stress on the Performance of Teachers of SMK Kr. Pelangi Makale in Tana Toraja. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal_, 5(3), 19219–19236.
Asbath, R. (2018). Pengaruh Beban Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dengan Stes Kerja sebagai Variabel Intervening. Central Library of Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang.
Astuty, I., & Udin, U. (2020). The effect of perceived organizational support and transformational leadership on affective commitment and employee performance. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and ….
Ayhan, K., & Şenay, S. N. (2022). The role of distance education in teachers’ work-life balance. I-Manager’s Journal on Educational Psychology, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.26634/jpsy.15.4.18646
Bastian, A., Nasution, J. A., & Wahyuni, S. (2022). Teacher Performance Under the Influence of Training, Work Motivation and Teacher Competence. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v14i3.2189
Cho, H., Pyun, D. Y., & Wang, C. K. J. (2023). Teachers’ work-life balance: the effect of work-leisure conflict on work-related outcomes. Asia Pacific Journal of Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2023.2259113
Çobanoğlu, F., Yıldırım, Ö., Seven, S., & Sertel, G. (2023). The Mediating Effect of Work-Life Balance in the Relationship Between Job Stress and Career Satisfaction. European Journal of Educational Management, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.12973/eujem.6.2.83
Cooksey, R. W. (2020). Descriptive Statistics for Summarising Data. In Illustrating Statistical Procedures: Finding Meaning in Quantitative Data. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2537-7_5
Dessler, G. (2015). Manajemen sumber daya manusia.
Ekinci, H. (2022). İlköğretim Okulu Öğretmenlerinin Görüşlerine Göre İş Yaşam Dengesi İle Örgütsel Bağlilik Arasindaki İlişki. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 64. https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.1006596
Ferdinand, A. (2013). Metode Penelitian Manajemen: Pedoman Penelitian Untuk Penulisan Skripi,Tesis dan Disertasi Ilmu Manajemen. Undip Press.
Fitria, Y., & Linda, M. R. (2019). Perceived Organizational Support and Work Life Balance on Employee Turnover Intention. https://doi.org/10.2991/icebef-18.2019.107
Ghozali, I., & Latan, H. (2015). Konsep, Teknik Dan Aplikasi Menggunakan Program Smart PLS 3.0. In Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang.
Grimm, G. H. (2017). From Engagement to Commitment: A New Perspective On the Employee Attitude-Firm Performance Relationship. International Leadership Journal, 9, 3–29.
Hair Jr, J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107–123.
Hakim, A. R., Rumijati, A., & Febriani, R. (2022). The Effect of Workload and Self Efficacy on Employee Performance During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Jurnal Bisnis Dan Manajemen, 9(2), 171–183.
Hsieh, C. C., Chien, W. C., Yen, H. C., & Li, H. C. (2022). “Same same” but different? Exploring the impact of perceived organizational support at the school and teacher levels on teachers’ job engagement and organizational citizenship behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1067054
Istiani, H., Hasyim, A., & Yanzi, H. (2017). Persepsi Guru Tentang Kendala Pelaksanaan Beban Kerja Guru Pada Beberapa Mata Pelajaran. Jurnal Kultur Demokrasi (JKD), 5(3).
Jabagi, N., Croteau, A. M., & Audebrand, L. K. (2020). Perceived organizational support in the face of algorithmic management: A conceptual model. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2020-January. https://doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2020.489
Jex, S. M. (1998). Stress and job performance: Theory, research, and implications for managerial practice. Sage Publications Ltd.
Johari, J., Yean Tan, F., & Tjik Zulkarnain, Z. I. (2018). Autonomy, workload, work-life balance and job performance among teachers. International Journal of Educational Management, 32(1), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-10-2016-0226
Kamawati, L. A., & Sari, D. A. (2024). Pengaruh Keselamatan Kerja, Kesehatan Kerja dan Lingkungan Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan (Studi pada Karyawan Perusahaan Pengolahan Hasil Kelautan Di Kabupaten Rembang). Jurnal Manajemen Dan Sains, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.33087/jmas.v9i1.1673
Kanwal, A., Rafiq, S., & Afzal, A. (2023). Impact of Workload on Teachers’ Efficiency And Their Students’ Academic Achievement At The University Level. Gomal University Journal of Research, 39(02). https://doi.org/10.51380/gujr-39-02-02
Khonsa, N., Nurhattati, N., & Kamaludin. (2024). Pengaruh Work Life Balance dan Stres Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Guru MTs Negeri di Jakarta Barat. Journal on Education, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.31004/joe.v7i2.7797
Kossek, E. E., Pichler, S., Bodner, T., & Hammer, L. B. (2011). Workplace Social Support And Work–Family Conflict: A Meta-Analysis Clarifying The Influence Of General And Work–Family-Specific Supervisor and Organizational Support. Personnel Psychology, 64(2), 289–313.
Kurtessis, J. N., Eisenberger, R., Ford, M. T., Buffardi, L. C., Stewart, K. A., & Adis, C. S. (2017). Perceived Organizational Support: A Meta-Analytic Evaluation of Organizational Support Theory. Journal of Management, 43(6). https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315575554
Li, Z., & Serrano, E. D. (2024). Organizational Support as an Influencer of Teachers’ Performance in Chinese Colleges and Universities. Journal of Education and Educational Research, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.54097/5rnhb609
Limatujuh, E., & Perdhana, M. S. (2023). Worklife Balance: Social Dynamics of Work Life. Return : Study of Management, Economic and Bussines, 2(6). https://doi.org/10.57096/return.v2i06.107
Lu, Y., Hu, X. M., Huang, X. L., Zhuang, X. D., Guo, P., Feng, L. F., Hu, W., Chen, L., Zou, H., & Hao, Y. T. (2017). The relationship between job satisfaction, work stress, work-family conflict, and turnover intention among physicians in Guangdong, China: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 7(5), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014894
Mahgoub, Y. M., Mahgoub, Y. M., & Elyas, S. A. (2014). Development of Teacher Performance and its Impact on Enhancing on the Quality of the Educational Process. Pensee Journal, 76(2).
Malau, A. G. (2023). The Effect of Work-Life Balance on Higher Education Employee Performance: Moderation of Organizational Support and Job Satisfaction Level. Journal of Innovation in Educational and Cultural Research, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.46843/jiecr.v4i2.681
Marumpe, D. P., Rosnani, T., Heriyadi, Fahruna, Y., & Jaya, A. (2023). Are Perceived Organizational Support and Flexible Working Arrangement Able to Influence Employee Engagement among Millennials? Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 23(11). https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2023/v23i11976
Maszura, L., & Ferry, N. (2020). The Influence of Perceived Organizational Support on Work-Life Balance. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies (IJPSAT, 22(1), 182–188.
Mendikbudriset. (2024). Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Nomor 25 Tahun 2024 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Nomor 15 Tahun 2018 tentang Pemenuhan Beban Kerja Guru, Kepala Sekolah, dan Pengawas Sekolah. Menteri Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi.
Mhd Hakri, N. S., & Wan Pa, W. A. M. (2024). Work and Life Balance: Factors and Effects on Lecturers at Kolej Profesional MARA. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v13-i1/20928
Mochtar, T. D., & Susanti, N. (2022). the Effect of Quality Work Life, Employee Burnout, and Workload on Work-Life Balance of Work From Home Employees in Surabaya. Journal Of Social Research, 1(5), 341–351. https://doi.org/10.55324/josr.v1i5.99
Murti, D. K., Wulandari, W., & Handini, D. P. (2024). Membangun Kinerja Karyawan : Pengaruh Work Life Balance , Perceived Organizational Support dan Technostress. EKOMA : Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, Akuntansi, 3(4), 61–71.
Musdalifah, M., Maulida, S. N., & Amir, D. A. (2022). Implementation of Perceived Organizational Support (POS) to Support Employee Performance: A Case Study of the Yogyakarta Regional Personnel Agency. Jurnal Public Policy, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.35308/jpp.v8i4.5028
Nabawi, R. (2019). Pengaruh lingkungan kerja, kepuasan kerja dan beban kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai. Maneggio: Jurnal Ilmiah Magister Manajemen, 2(2), 170–183.
Natanael, K., Christiana, M., Kalis, I., Daud, I., Rosnani, T., & Fahruna, Y. (2023). Enrichment: Journal of Management Workload and working hours effect on employees work-life balance mediated by work stress. Enrichment: Journal of Management, 13(5).
Neksen, A., Wadud, M., & Handayani, S. (2021). Pengaruh Beban Kerja dan Jam Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan pada PT Grup Global Sumatera. Jurnal Nasional Manajemen Pemasaran & SDM E, 2(2), 2745–7257. https://doi.org/10.47747/jnmpsdm.v2i2.282
Olivia, Y., Silva, D., Aurelia, P. N., & Edellya, M. (2021). Pengaruh beban dan lingkungan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan pt karya cipta buana sentosa di maumere flores. Gema Wiralodra, 12(1), 139–150. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31943/gemawiralodra.v12i1.173
Ompok, C. C., & Teo, L. (2021). Perceived Organizational Support on Teacher Motivation. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 6(10). https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v6i10.1118
Özgenel, M., & Mert, P. (2019). The Role Of Teacher Performance In School Effectiveness. International Journal of Education Technology and Scientific Researches, 4(10). https://doi.org/10.35826/ijetsar.42
Paramitadewi, K. F. (2017). Pengaruh Beban Kerja dan Kompensasi terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Sekretariat Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Tabanan. Jurnal Manajemen Unud, 6(6).
Permata Sari, A. L., Ardiyanti, N., & Noviardi, H. (2017). the Impact of Workload and Role Conflict Towards Work-Life Balance Among Government Auditors in Indonesia. April, 130–140. https://doi.org/10.20472/bmc.2017.005.010
Puspitasari, K. A., & Ratnaningsih, I. Z. (2019). Hubungan Antara Perceived Organizational Support Dengan Work-Life Balance Pada Karyawan Pt. Bpr Kusuma Sumbing Di Jawa Tengah. Jurnal EMPATI, 8(1), 82–86. https://doi.org/10.14710/empati.2019.23578
Putri, A., Amran, A., Suparwo, A., Kurniawan, A., Rahayu, Y. S., & Suryana, S. (2021). The Importance of Perceived Organizational Support and Work From Home to increase Work-Life Balance During The Covid-19 Pandemic. Asia Pacific Journal of Management and Education, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.32535/apjme.v4i3.1262
Quintana, C. B., Mercado, F. M., & Balagtas, A. O. (2019). Perception of STEAM Teachers on the Influence of Work-Life Balance on Well-being and Teaching Performance. The Normal Lights, 13(1), 257–286. https://doi.org/10.56278/tnl.v13i1.1243
Rashid, S., Subhan, Q. A., & Imran, M. (2022). Impact of Work Life Balance, Workload and Supervisory Support on Teachers’ Job Performance with Mediating Role of Stress: A Case of Private Institutions. International Journal of Business and Management Sciences, 3(1).
Ratnasari, D., Utami, H. N., & Prasetya, A. (2023). The Impacts of Perceived Organizational Support and Work Environment on Employee Performance: The Mediating Effects of Job Satisfaction. Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis |, 17(2), 267–281.
Rina, L. S. (2025). Analisis Beban Kerja Tenaga Pendidik di SD Wee Tabulla II Dengan Metode Full Time Equivalent ( FTE ). JoSES: Journal of Sharia Economics Scholar, 2(4), 81–86.
Rosidah, A. S., Rahman, W. I., Aulia, M., Ariansyah, R., & Fauzi, I. (2022). Penilaian Kinerja Guru di Sekolah Dasar Antara Tantangan dan Peluang. DIMAR: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.58577/dimar.v4i1.64
Rusdi, M., Suryatni, M., & Hermanto. (2022). Effect of Workload and Organizational Support on Work-Life Balance (Study on Midwives of Community Health Centers in East Lombok Regency). IJISET-International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, 09(11).
Rusdiman AB, Siburian, P., Purba, S., & Sinaga, O. (2022). Academic Supervision Model In Improving Teacher Performance. International Journal Of Humanities Education and Social Sciences (IJHESS), 1(6), 863–871. https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v1i6.171
Saina, I. V., Pio, R. J., & Rumawas, W. (2016). Pengaruh Work-Life Balance dan Kompensasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Pada PT PLN (Persero) Wilayah Suluttenggo Area Manado. Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.35797/jab.4.3.2016.12892.%25p
Saul, S., Dwijatenaya, I. B. M. A., & Musmuliadi, M. (2022). The Influence of Workload and Work Motivation on Teacher Performance at Public Senior High School 2 Sendawar, West Kutai Regency. International Journal of Social Service and Research, 2(10), 920–933. https://doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v2i10.172
Sauqy, A., Mifdhal, M., & Airangga, S. F. D. (2023). the Influence of Work From Home, Job Stress, and Workload on the Performance of High School Teachers At Sma N 32 Jakarta. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Social Science (ICSS), 2(1), 230–236. https://doi.org/10.59188/icss.v2i1.119
Sham, N. I. S. N., Salleh, R., Sheikh, S. S. S., & Saleem, M. S. (2025). Work-Life Balance and Work-Life Integration : A Comparative Analysis through Conceptual Distinction. Business Management and Strategy, 16(1), 39–45. https://doi.org/10.5296/bms.v16i1.22332
Siagian, G. F., Setyabudi, C. M., & Mayastinasari, V. (2024). The Impact of Quality of Work Life and Work-Life Balance on Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Perceived Organizational Support. Journal La Sociale, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.37899/journal-la-sociale.v5i2.1053
Soomro, A. A., Breitenecker, R. J., & Shah, S. A. M. (2018). Relation of work-life balance, work-family conflict, and family-work conflict with the employee performance-moderating role of job satisfaction. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 7(1), 129–146. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-02-2017-0018
Sugiyono. (2017). Metode Penelitian Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Alfabeta.
Sulistiyani, E. (2022). Perceived Organizational Support and Performance: The Mediating Effect of Affective Values. Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.18196/mb.v13i1.13555
Sulistiyani, E., Hidayat, Y. A., Setiawan, A., & Suwardi, S. (2022). Perceived organizational support, employee work engagement and work life balance: Social exchange theory perspective. Jurnal Riset Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.26623/jreb.v15i2.5336
Surya, I. B., & Rihayana, I. G. (2024). The Relationship of Workload , Work Life Balance and Job Stress on Bank Employees. International Research Journal of Economics and Management Studies, 3(4), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.56472/25835238/IRJEMS-V3I4P108
Suwandi, & Suhakim, A. I. (2023). Effect of Work-Life Balance on Employee Performance Mediated by Job Satisfaction. Jurnal Ilmiah, Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia JENIUS, 6(2), 380–388.
Tahir, M., Farooqi, K., Ahmed, S., Ashiq, I., & Scholar, P. (2019). Relationship of Perceived Organizational Support with Secondary School Teachers’ Performance Relationship of Perceived Organizational Support with SST Performance. Bulletin of Education and Research, 41(3), 141–152.
Utomo, A. K., Sulasmono, B. S., & Mawardi, M. (2019). Evaluasi Kinerja Guru Bersertifikasi. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Supervisi Pendidikan, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.17977/um025v4i12019p052
Vanchapo, A. R. (2020). Beban Kerja dan Stres Kerja. Penerbit Qiara Media.
Wiryang, A. S., Koleangan, R., Ogi, I. W. J., Manajemen, J., Sam, U., & Manado, R. (2019). Pengaruh Motivasi Kerja Dan Beban Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Pada PT. PLN (Persero) Area Manado. Jurnal EMBA : Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 7(1), 991–1000.
Wolor, C. W., Solikhah, S., & ... (2020). Effectiveness of e-training, e-leadership, and work life balance on employee performance during COVID-19. Journal of Asian Finance Economics and Business, 7(10), 443–450.
Yolanda, E., & Said, L. R. (2022). Perceived organisational support to increase teachers’ commitment and performance through work engagement: a case study of an Indonesian vocational school. International Journal of Management in Education, 16(5). https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMIE.2022.125482
