Analysis of the Effect of Average Years of Schooling and Open Unemployment on the Gross Regional Domestic Product of Central Sulawesi Province, 2019-2023
Main Article Content
Triyudha Anugrah Farham*
Santi Yunus
Mohamad Ichwan
Rita Yunus
Andi Herman Jaya
The economy of Central Sulawesi Province shows fluctuating growth in Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), with agriculture and mining as the primary drivers. Nevertheless, a number of obstacles remain, including sluggish economic growth in certain years, a relatively low Human Development Index as reflected in the Average Years of Schooling (RLS) indicator, and a continuing open unemployment problem. This situation highlights the need to understand how social factors relate to regional economic performance. This study seeks to examine the influence of Average Years of Schooling (RLS) and open unemployment on GRDP in Central Sulawesi Province. A quantitative approach employing panel data regression analysis is applied. Data spanning 2019 to 2023 are used to examine the relationship between RLS and open unemployment with respect to GRDP. The analysis reveals that RLS exerts a positive and significant influence on GRDP, with a 1 percent rise in RLS capable of raising GRDP by 3.162 percent. On the other hand, open unemployment has a negative and significant influence, whereby a 1 percent increase in open unemployment causes GRDP to fall by 0.222 percent. Overall, improvement of education quality through RLS is proven to drive regional economic growth, while high unemployment becomes an inhibiting factor for GRDP growth. Therefore, regional development policy needs to focus on improving access to and quality of education as well as creating job opportunities to reduce unemployment, so that the economic growth of Central Sulawesi can be more optimal.
Adryan, N. F. (2025). The Effect of Digitalization on Unemployment in Indonesia: Analysis of 33 Provinces for the Period 2013-2020. Journal of Development Economic and Social Studies, 4(4), 1380–1395. https://doi.org/10.21776/jdess.2025.04.4.22
Afrizal, F. (2013). Analisis pengaruh tingkat investasi, belanja pemerintah dan tenaga kerja terhadap PDRB di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan Tahun 2001-2011. Universitas Hasanuddin.
Bahtia, J. F. A., Munawar, M., & Sakti, R. K. (2025). The Influence of Education Level, Unemployment Rate, and Health Level on Economic Growth and Poverty Rate in Indonesia from 2010 to 2023. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains, 6(5), 1791–1801. https://doi.org/10.59141/jiss.v6i5.1703
Barokha, M. E., & Septriani, S. (2025). An Examination of the Relationship between Educational Level and Economic Growth in Indonesia. Formosa Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 4(6), 2785–2800. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjmr.v4i6.250
Ghozali, I. (2017). Aplikasi analisis multivariate dengan program SPSS. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Gunawan, I., & Hidayati, R. (2024). The Effect Of Population And Minimum Wage On Open Unemployment Rate In Serang City In 2017-2021. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Retail, 4(1), 25–37. https://doi.org/10.47080/jumerita.v4i1.3327
Haryanto, T. P. (2013). Pengaruh pengeluaran pemerintah terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Jawa Tengah tahun 2007-2011. Economics Development Analysis Journal, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.15294/EDAJ.V2I3.1989
Hussmanns, R., Mehran, F., & Varmā, V. (1990). Surveys of Economically Active Population, Employment, Unemployment, and Underemployment: An ILO Manual on Concepts and Methods. International Labour Office.
Ilham, A. P., Muljaningsih, S., & Sasongko, S. (2023). The effect of natural disaster on regional economic growth, unemployment, poverty, and Human Development Index in thirty Indonesian provinces. Journal of Indonesian Applied Economics, 11(1), 40–59. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiae.2023.011.01.4
Irawan, Raysharie, P. I., Tesalonika, Septianingsih, D., Samman, M., Satrio, M., Sari, N., Nisa, S. P., & Zulkarnain. (2023). Pengaruh Pengangguran Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi. Nian Tana Sikka : Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa, 2(1), 98–106. https://doi.org/10.59603/niantanasikka.v2i1.258
Kuncoro, M. (2015). Mudah memahami dan menganalisis indikator ekonomi. UPP STIM YKPN.
Lisnawati, D., & Nihayah, A. N. (2025). Determinasi Faktor Ekonomi terhadap Pengangguran Terbuka (periode 2018–2023) dengan Pendekatan Generalized Method of Moments. Journal of Business and Economics Research (JBE), 6(2), 605–614. https://doi.org/10.47065/jbe.v6i2.7579
Lucas, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
Mankiw, N. G. (2006). Macroeconomics 6th edition. Erlangga.
Minah, N., & Sekaringsih, R. B. (2023). Determinants of Unemployment Rate in Indonesia (2011-2021 Period). Bulletin of Islamic Economics, 2(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.14421/bie.2023.021-04
Oktaviantoro, B. (2018). Pengaruh Indeks Pembangunan Manusia, Pengangguran, dan Pengeluaran Pemerintah Terhadap Produk Domestik Regional Bruto di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Universitas Negeri Jakarta. http://repository.fe.unj.ac.id/3852/
Radhyanti, A. S., Najmudin, N., & Widiastuti, E. (2023). The Effect of Investment and Inflation on the Open Unemployment Rate with GRDP as the Mediating Factor. South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, 20(3), 351–359. https://doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2023/v20i3737
Rahman, Y. A., & Chamelia, A. L. (2015). Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi PDRB Kabupaten/Kota Jawa Tengah Tahun 2008–2012. JEJAK: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Kebijakan, 8(1), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v8i1.3857
Rahmawati, S., Kuncoro, M., Sading, Y., Lutfi, M., Jaya, A. H., & Fahlevi, M. (2024). The impact of poverty, malnutrition, and household income on human development in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia: A panel data analysis. Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Development, 8(13), 7854. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd7854
Ramdhan, D. (2021). Impact of provincial human capital on TFP growth through the FDI channel: The case of Indonesian manufacturing industries. Regional Statistics, 11(04), 28–51. https://doi.org/10.15196/RS110402
Rohmah, I. S., & Prakoso, J. A. (2022). Pengaruh IPM, RLS, TPT, dan Pengeluaran Per Kapita terhadap Kemiskinan di Provinsi Jawa Barat. Transekonomika: Akuntansi, Bisnis Dan Keuangan, 2(6), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.55047/transekonomika.v2i6.294
Sari, I. F. (2022). Measuring The Contribution of Investment, Export, and Internet Usage on Welfare: Indonesian Case Study. Jurnal Administrare: Jurnal Pemikiran Ilmiah Dan Pendidikan Administrasi Perkantoran, 9(2), 575–584. https://doi.org/10.26858/ja.v9i2.40598
Sari, V. K. (2023). The Role of Education towards Economic Growth: Evidence from Indonesia. Jurnal Dinamika Ekonomi Pembangunan, 5(3), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.14710/jdep.5.3.221-228
Setiawana, E., Fitriyani, N., & Harsyiah, L. (2024). Modeling the Open Unemployment Rate in Indonesia Using Panel Data Regression Analysis. Eigen Mathematics Journal, 7(1), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.29303/emj.v7i1.184
Soleha, A. R., & Faizin, M. (2023). Analisis Pengaruh Rata-Rata Lama Sekolah, Pengeluaran Per Kapita, dan Pengangguran terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia. Niqosiya: Journal of Economics and Business Research, 3(1), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.21154/niqosiya.v3i1.1995
Sugiyono. (2018). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta.
Sukirno, S. (2008). Makroekonomi Teori dan Pengantar (3rd ed.). PT Raja Grafindo Persada.
Suparman, S., & Muzakir, M. (2023). Regional inequality, human capital, unemployment, and economic growth in Indonesia: Panel regression approach. Cogent Economics & Finance, 11(2), 2251803.
Todaro, M. P. (2000). Pembangunan Ekonomi di Dunia Ketiga. Erlangga.
Triatmanto, B., Bawono, S., Wahyuni, N., & Yulianah, Y. (2023). The role of human capital, structural change, quality institutions in driving economic growth in Indonesia. Tec Empresarial, 18(2), 902–914. https://doi.org/10.1229/tecempresarialjournal.v18i2.308
Widarni, E. L., & Bawono, S. (2021). Human capital, technology, and economic growth: A case study of Indonesia. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(5), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no5.0029
Yusuf, M. (2019). Pengaruh Tenaga Kerja, Pengangguran, dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia terhadap PDRB di Provinsi DKI Jakarta Tahun 2010–2017. Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
Zaris, R. (1987). Prespektif Daerah dalam Pembangunan Nasional. LPFE: UI.











